In Rust smart contracts, cross contract calls are made by:
- Defining traits
- Calling methods on the defined traits
- Optional, registering callbacks with
.then
Defining a trait
A trait represents an existing contract’s interface. It is where we define the methods we’ll use in cross contract calls.
Abstract Example
use near_sdk::{ext_contract};
#[ext_contract(ext_contract_b)]
trait ContractB {
fn method_on_b(&self) -> String
fn another_method_on_b(&self, some_arg: u64) -> U128;
fn mutable_method_on_b(&mut self, some_arg: String);
}Fungible Token (NEP-141)
See the NEP-141 Specification for more details.
use near_sdk::json::{U128};
use near_sdk::{ext_contract};
#[ext_contract(ext_ft)]
trait FungibleToken {
// change methods
fn ft_transfer(&mut self, receiver_id: String, amount: String, memo: Option<String>);
fn ft_transfer_call(&mut self, receiver_id: String, amount: String, memo: Option<String>, msg: String) -> U128;
// view methods
fn ft_total_supply(&self) -> String;
fn ft_balance_of(&self, account_id: String) -> String;
}Fungible Token Metadata (NEP-148)
See the NEP-148 Specification for more details.
use near_sdk::{ext_contract};
#[ext_contract(ext_ft_metadata)]
trait FungibleTokenMetadata: FungibleToken {
fn ft_metadata(&self) -> FungibleTokenMetadata;
}Non-Fungible Token (NEP-171)
See the NEP-171 Specification for more details.
use near_sdk::{ext_contract};
#[ext_contract(ext_nft)]
trait NonFungibleToken {
// change methods
fn nft_transfer(&mut self, receiver_id: String, token_id: String, approval_id: Option<u64>, memo: Option<String>);
fn nft_transfer_call(&mut self, receiver_id: String, token_id: String, approval_id: Option<u64>, memo: Option<String>, msg: String) -> bool;
// view method
fn nft_token(&self, token_id: String) -> Option<Token>;
}Non-Fungible Token Metadata (NEP-177)
See the NEP-177 Specification for more details.
use near_sdk::{ext_contract};
#[ext_contract(ext_nft_metadata)]
trait NonFungibleTokenMetadata: NonFungibleToken {
fn nft_metadata(&self) -> NFTContractMetadata;
}Non-Fungible Token Approval Management (NEP-178)
See the NEP-178 Specification for more details.
use near_sdk::{ext_contract};
#[ext_contract(ext_nft_approval)]
trait NonFungibleTokenApprovalManagement: NonFungibleToken {
// change methods
fn nft_approve(&mut self, token_id: String, account_id: String, msg: Option<String>);
fn nft_revoke(&mut self, token_id: String, account_id: String);
fn nft_revoke_all(&mut self, token_id: String);
// view methods
fn nft_is_approved(&self, token_id: String, approved_account_id: String, approval_id: Option<Number>) -> bool;
}Non-Fungible Token Enumeration (NEP-181)
See the NEP-181 Specification for more details.
use near_sdk::json::{U128};
use near_sdk::{ext_contract};
#[ext_contract(ext_nft_enumeration)]
trait NonFungibleTokenApprovalManagement: NonFungibleToken {
fn nft_total_supply(&self) -> U128;
fn nft_tokens(&self, from_index: Option<U128>, limit: Option<u64>) -> Vec<Token>;
fn nft_supply_for_owner(&self, account_id: String) -> String;
fn nft_tokens_for_owner(&self, account_id: String, from_index: Option<U128>, limit: Option<u64>) -> Vec<Token>;
}Storage Management (NEP-145)
See the NEP-145 Specification for more details.
use near_sdk::json::{U128};
use near_sdk::{ext_contract};
#[ext_contract(ext_storage)]
trait StorageManagement {
// change methods
fn storage_deposit(&mut self, account_id: Option<String>, registration_only: Option<boolean>) -> StorageBalance;
fn storage_withdraw(&mut self, amount: Option<String>) -> StorageBalance;
fn storage_unregister(&mut self, force: Option<bool>) -> bool;
// viw methods
fn storage_balance_bounds(&self) -> StorageBalanceBounds;
fn storage_balance_of(&self, account_id: String) -> Option<StorageBalance>;
}Callbacks
Just like cross contract calls, callbacks need to be defined in a trait. Even though the method is defined on the originating contract the callback function call still needs to be wrapped into a Receipt. See Cross Contract Calls and Receipts for more details.
use near_sdk::{ext_contract};
#[ext_contract(ext_self)]
trait MyContract {
fn my_callback(&self) -> String;
}Or from the NEP-141 Rust Contract Standard:
#[ext_contract(ext_self)]
trait FungibleTokenResolver {
fn ft_resolve_transfer(
&mut self,
sender_id: AccountId,
receiver_id: AccountId,
amount: U128,
) -> U128;
}Making Cross Contract Calls
We can make a cross contract call from contract A to contract B by using a predefined trait.
Single promise
Since we return a promise from this method, the returned value from ft_balance_of will be returned from my_method.
pub fn my_method(&self) -> Promise {
ext_ft::ft_balance_of(
"some_account_id.near".to_string(), // ft_balance_of takes an account_id as a parameter
&"wrap.near", // contract account id
0, // yocto NEAR to attach
5_000_000_000_000 // gas to attach
)
}If we don’t want to return anything from our method we can place a ; after the cross contract call (making the cross contract call a statement instead of an expression).
pub fn my_method(&self) {
ext_ft::ft_balance_of(
"some_account_id.near".to_string(), // ft_balance_of takes an account_id as a parameter
&"wrap.near", // contract account id
0, // yocto NEAR to attach
5_000_000_000_000 // gas to attach
);
}Single promise with a callback
Often, we’ll want to do something with the returned value from the cross contract call. In these cases we’ll need to register a callback using .then.
pub fn my_callback(&self) -> String {
assert_eq!(
env::promise_results_count(),
1,
"This is a callback method"
);
// handle the result from the cross contract call this method is a callback for
match env::promise_result(0) {
PromiseResult::NotReady => unreachable!(),
PromiseResult::Failed => "oops!".to_string(),
PromiseResult::Successful(result) => {
let balance = near_sdk::serde_json::from_slice::<U128>(&result).unwrap();
if balance.0 > 100000 {
"Wow!".to_string()
} else {
"Hmmmm".to_string()
}
},
}
}
pub fn my_method(&self) -> Promise {
ext_ft::ft_balance_of(
"some_account_id.near".to_string(), // ft_balance_of takes an account_id as a parameter
&"wrap.near", // contract account id
0, // yocto NEAR to attach
5_000_000_000_000 // gas to attach
)
.then(ext_self::my_callback(
&env::current_account_id(), // this contract's account id
0, // yocto NEAR to attach to the callback
5_000_000_000_000 // gas to attach to the callback
))
}Multiple with callback
pub fn max(&self) -> U128 {
assert_eq!(env::promise_results_count(), 2, "This is a callback method");
// handle the result from the first cross contract call this method is a callback for
let some_account_balance: u128 = match env::promise_result(0) {
PromiseResult::NotReady => unreachable!(),
PromiseResult::Failed => env::panic(b"Unable to make comparison"),
PromiseResult::Successful(result) => near_sdk::serde_json::from_slice::<U128>(&result)
.unwrap()
.into(),
};
// handle the result from the second cross contract call this method is a callback for
let another_account_balance: u128 = match env::promise_result(1) {
PromiseResult::NotReady => unreachable!(),
PromiseResult::Failed => env::panic(b"Unable to make comparison"),
PromiseResult::Successful(result) => near_sdk::serde_json::from_slice::<U128>(&result)
.unwrap()
.into(),
};
if some_account_balance > another_account_balance {
some_account_balance.into()
} else {
another_account_balance.into()
}
}
pub fn my_method(&self) -> Promise {
ext_ft::ft_balance_of(
"some_account_id.testnet".to_string(), // ft_balance_of takes an account_id as a parameter
&"wrap.testnet", // contract account id
0, // yocto NEAR to attach
5_000_000_000_000, // gas to attach
)
.and(ext_ft::ft_balance_of(
"another_account_id.testnet".to_string(), // ft_balance_of takes an account_id as a parameter
&"wrap.testnet", // contract account id
0, // yocto NEAR to attach
5_000_000_000_000, // gas to attach
))
.then(ext_self::max(
&env::current_account_id(), // this contract's account id
0, // yocto NEAR to attach to the callback
5_000_000_000_000, // gas to attach to the callback
))
}Generate comment with AI 2 nL
