Data Storage / Collections

To Share and +4 nLEARNs

Overview

All data stored on the NEAR blockchain is done in key / value pairs. There are several collection methods in the SDKs we’ve created that will help you store your data on chain.

For information on storage costs, please see [ storage staking ].


AssemblyScript Collection Types

near-sdk-as

Type Iterable Clear All Values Preserves Insertion Order Range Selection
PersistentVector
PersistentSet
PersistentMap
PersistentUnorderedMap
PersistentDeque
AVLTree

Big-O Notation

The Big-O notation values in the chart below describe the time complexity of the various collection methods found in near-sdk-as. These method complexities correlate with gas consumption on NEAR, helping you decide which collection to utilize in your project. There are three types found in our collection methods:

Type Access Insert Delete Search Traverse Clear
PersistentVector O(1) O(1)* O(1)** O(n) O(n) O(n)
PersistentSet O(1) O(1) O(1) O(1) O(n) O(n)
PersistentMap O(1) O(1) O(1) O(1) N/A N/A
PersistentUnorderedMap O(1) O(1) O(1) O(1) O(n) O(n)
PersistentDeque O(1) O(1)* O(1)** O(1) O(n) O(n)
AVLTree O(log n) O(log n) O(log n) O(log n) O(n) O(n)

_* – to insert at the end of the vector using push_back (or push_front for deque)_

_** – to delete from the end of the vector using pop (or pop_front for deque), or delete using swap_remove which swaps the element with the last element of the vector and then removes it._


Gas Consumption Examples

The examples below show differences in gas burnt storing and retrieving key/value pairs using the above methods. Please note that the gas cost of spinning up the runtime environment on chain has been deducted to show just data read/writes.

You can reproduce this and test out your own data set by visiting collection-examples-as.

AssemblyScript Set Data Gas Chart

AssemblyScript Get Data Gas Chart


PersistentVector

Implements a vector / persistent array built on top of the Storage class.

Uses the following map: index -> element.

  • To create:
import { PersistentVector } from "near-sdk-as";
let vector = new PersistentVector<string>("v"); // choose a unique prefix per collection
  • To use:
vector.push(value);
vector.pop(value);
vector.length;

[ SDK source ]


PersistentSet

Built on top of the Storage class, this implements a persistent set without iterators.

  • is not iterable
  • more efficient in the number of reads and writes

[ SDK source ]


PersistentMap

Implements a map built on top of the Storage.

  • To create:
import { PersistentMap } from "near-sdk-as";
let map = new PersistentMap<string, string>("pmap"); // choose a unique prefix per collection
  • To use:
map.set(key, value);
map.getSome(key);

Note: The Map doesn’t store keys, so if you need to retrieve them, include keys in the values.

[ SDK source ]


PersistentUnorderedMap

Implements an unordered map built on top of the PersistentMap class and a PersistentVector, which stores the keys of the map. These keys are initially in the order they are inserted, however, a deleted key is swapped with the last key.

  • To create:
import { PersistentUnorderedMap } from "near-sdk-as";
let map = new PersistentUnorderedMap<string, string>("umap"); // note the prefix must be unique per collection
  • To use:
map.set(key, value);
map.getSome(key);

[ SDK source ]


PersistentDeque

Built on top of the Storage class, this implements a persistent bidirectional queue / double-ended queue / deque.

  • To create:
import { PersistentDeque } from "near-sdk-as";
let dq = new PersistentDeque<string>("deque"); // choose a unique prefix per collection
  • To use:
dq.pushFront(value);
dq.popBack();

[ SDK source ]


AVLTree

Implements a Tree Map based on AVL-tree
Keys are ordered and iterable.

  • To create:
import { AVLTree } from "near-sdk-as";
map = new AVLTree<string, string>("avl"); // choose a unique prefix per account
  • To use:
map.set(key, value);
map.getSome(key)

[ SDK source ]


Rust Collection Types

near-sdk-rs module documentation

Type Iterable Clear All Values Preserves Insertion Order Range Selection
Vector
LookupSet
UnorderedSet
LookupMap
UnorderedMap
TreeMap

Big-O Notation

The Big-O notation values in the chart below describe the time complexity of the various collection methods found in near-sdk-rs. These method complexities correlate with gas consumption on NEAR, helping you decide which collection to utilize in your project. There are three types found in our collection methods:

Type Access Insert Delete Search Traverse Clear
Vector O(1) O(1)* O(1)** O(n) O(n) O(n)
LookupSet O(1) O(1) O(1) O(1) N/A N/A
UnorderedSet O(1) O(1) O(1) O(1) O(n) O(n)
LookupMap O(1) O(1) O(1) O(1) N/A N/A
UnorderedMap O(1) O(1) O(1) O(1) O(n) O(n)
TreeMap O(log n) O(log n) O(log n) O(log n) O(n) O(n)

_* – to insert at the end of the vector using push_back (or push_front for deque)_

_** – to delete from the end of the vector using pop (or pop_front for deque), or delete using swap_remove which swaps the element with the last element of the vector and then removes it._


Gas Consumption Examples

The examples below show differences in gas burnt storing and retrieving key/value pairs using the above methods. Please note that the gas cost of spinning up the runtime environment on chain has been deducted to show just data read/writes.

You can reproduce this and test out your own data set by visiting collection-examples-rs.

Rust Set Data Gas Chart

Rust Get Data Gas Chart


Vector

Implements a vector / persistent array.

  • can iterate using index
  • Uses the following map: index -> element.

[ SDK source ]

[ Implementation ]


LookupSet

Implements a persistent set without iterators.

  • can not iterate over keys
  • more efficient in reads / writes

[ SDK source ]

[ Implementation ]


UnorderedSet

Implements a persistent set with iterators for keys, values, and entries.

[ SDK source ]

[ Implementation Docs ]


LookupMap

Implements a persistent map.

  • can not iterate over keys
  • does not preserve order when removing and adding values
  • efficient in number of reads and writes
  • To add data:
pub fn add_lookup_map(&mut self, key: String, value: String) {
    self.lookup_map.insert(&key, &value);
}
  • To get data:
pub fn get_lookup_map(&self, key: String) -> String {
    match self.lookup_map.get(&key) {
        Some(value) => {
            let log_message = format!("Value from LookupMap is {:?}", value.clone());
            env::log(log_message.as_bytes());
            value
        },
        None => "not found".to_string()
    }
}

[ SDK source ]

[ Implementation ]


UnorderedMap

Implements an unordered map.

  • iterable
  • does not preserve order when removing and adding values
  • is able to clear all values
  • To add data:
pub fn add_unordered_map(&mut self, key: String, value: String) {
    self.unordered_map.insert(&key, &value);
}
  • To get data:
pub fn get_unordered_map(&self, key: String) -> String {
    match self.unordered_map.get(&key) {
        Some(value) => {
            let log_message = format!("Value from UnorderedMap is {:?}", value.clone());
            env::log(log_message.as_bytes());
            value
        },
        // None => "Didn't find that key.".to_string()
        None => "not found".to_string()
    }
}

[ SDK source ]

[ Implementation ]


TreeMap

Implements a Tree Map based on AVL-tree.

  • iterable
  • preserves order
  • able to clear all values
  • self balancing
  • To add data:
pub fn add_tree_map(&mut self, key: String, value: String) {
    self.tree_map.insert(&key, &value);
}
  • To get data:
pub fn get_tree_map(&self, key: String) -> String {
    match self.tree_map.get(&key) {
        Some(value) => {
            let log_message = format!("Value from TreeMap is {:?}", value.clone());
            env::log(log_message.as_bytes());
            // Since we found it, return it (note implicit return)
            value
        },
        // did not find the entry
        // note: curly brackets after arrow are optional in simple cases, like other languages
        None => "not found".to_string()
    }
}

[ SDK source ]

[ Implementation ]

Generate comment with AI 2 nL
Scroll to Top
Report a bug👀